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I will describe the theoretical foundation on which recent progress in understanding large-scale structure dynamics is based, including linear perturbation theory, the Zel'dovich approximation, and generic types of cosmological fluctuation spectra used as initial conditions. I will follow with an outline of some of the new directions, including the effort to restore initial conditions from data, new approximations that make it possible to more fully understand how structures are formed, and the emerging synthesis of the classic `pancake' and `hierarchical clustering' pictures. This is an introduction for the day's presentations.