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C. H. Gibson (UCSD MAE/SIO CASS)
The Jeans 1902 linear-acoustic criterion for gravitational instability fails to account for effects of viscosity, diffusivity, or turbulence on gravitational structure formation in the early universe when dark matter was formed. According to non-linear, non-acoustic, criteria of Gibson 1996-2000, structure formation began in the plasma epoch at about 30,000 years after the Big Bang, compared to 300,000 years by the Jeans criterion. These first structures were protosuperclustervoids, nucleated by fossils of Planck scale chaos in the Big Bang itself, and limited at Schwarz viscous scales by the enormous photon viscosity of the plasma. Gravitational fragmentation and condensation of the plasma at protocluster to protogalaxy scales was arrested by diffusion of the nonbaryonic dark matter fluid into the protovoids. When the cooling universe turned from plasma to hydrogen-helium gas, the viscosity decreased by a factor of a trillion and the gas fragmented to objects with a Schwarz viscous mass of a small planet. These PFPs (rogue planets) formed in Jeans mass clumps within protogalaxies. They comprise the baryonic dark matter of inner galaxies as well as most of the interstellar medium, 30 million planets per star as inferred by Schild 1996 from quasar microlensing. They appear as cometary knots in planetary nebula, and are the raw material of new stars. The nonbaryonic dark matter fluid is superdiffusive, and forms outer galaxy halos and halos of galaxy clusters. The particle mass must be in the WIMPLITE neutrino range from the observed Schwarz diffusive scales of galaxy supercluster halos. Turbulence of the early universe was strongly damped by viscosity and buoyancy forces of the first structure formation in the plasma epoch, as shown by the small 10-5 temperature fluctuation levels observed in the cosmic microwave background.
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