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P.A. Ianna (NSF, IDA)
Good exterior lighting design practice and lighting ordinances are often in conflict, although both may be intended to reduce light pollution. Ordinance examples include mounting height limitations, spill light limits at property lines, and the occasional truly bizarre and/or unenforceable code provision.
An impediment to developing lighting ordinances in the Commonwealth of Virginia is that localities may not enact such ordinances without the express permission of the state legislature. At this writing counties do, but towns and cities do not enjoy such authorization.
With continued rapid population growth, preserving the still 'dark' places in Virginia will be a difficult challenge.