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J. D. Marche', II (Indiana University)
Before 1945, two American women, Maude V. Bennot (b. 1892) and Marian Lockwood (b. 1899), were appointed acting directors of Zeiss-equipped planetaria. Attainment of gender equity in the planetarium community, however, was a temporary measure later erased by the post-war cultural ideology of male superiority. Thereupon, women's roles were subordinated and devoid of the autonomy/authority they had exercised during years of national hardship and emergency. These case studies demonstrate the extension of concepts derived from gender studies in the history of American science to the realm of science popularization.
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